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Ultimate Guide to Heart Screening: What You Need to Know?

A heart screening involves a series of tests and evaluations to assess your heart's health and identify any potential cardiovascular issues before they become serious problems. These screenings help detect conditions such as coronary artery disease, heart failure, arrhythmias, and valve disorders. The primary purpose of heart screening is early detection, which can significantly improve treatment outcomes and prevent severe complications.

Heart disease is a leading cause of death in Singapore, affecting a significant portion of the population. According to the Ministry of Health, almost 1 out of 3 deaths in Singapore occur [1] due to heart disease or stroke. This high prevalence in the country underscores the importance of regular heart screenings, especially for those with risk factors such as age, family history, or lifestyle choices that contribute to heart disease.

Early detection through heart screening can save lives and improve health significantly. Identifying heart conditions in the early stages allows for timely intervention and management, reducing the risk of heart attacks, strokes, and other severe complications. Preventive measures, such as lifestyle modifications and medical treatments, are more effective when heart issues are caught early.

By understanding the types of screenings available, the risk factors for heart disease, and how to interpret screening results, you can take proactive steps to maintain your heart health. This guide also offers practical advice on preparing for screenings, maintaining a heart-healthy lifestyle, and choosing the right specialist. 

heart screening Singapore
Heart conditions and diseases are common in Singapore, which is why regular heart screenings are important.

Understanding Heart Disease

Types of Heart Disease

There are several types of heart disease that can develop due to various factors and causes, including: 

  • Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
    • CAD is the most common [2] type of heart disease, caused by the buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart muscle. This can lead to chest pain (angina), heart attacks, and other serious complications.
  • Heart Failure
    • Heart failure occurs when the heart cannot pump blood effectively, leading to symptoms like shortness of breath, fatigue, and fluid retention. It can result from various conditions, including CAD, high blood pressure, and heart valve diseases.
  • Arrhythmias
    • Arrhythmias are irregular heartbeats that can be too fast, too slow, or erratic. Common types include atrial fibrillation, supraventricular tachycardia,  ventricular tachycardia, and bradycardia. They can cause palpitations, dizziness, and an increased risk of stroke.
  • Heart Valve Disorders
    • Heart valve disorders involve [3] malfunctioning of the heart valves, which regulate blood flow through the heart. Conditions such as valve stenosis (narrowing) and regurgitation (leakage) can lead to heart failure and other complications.

Risk Factors for Heart Disease

The following risk factors are often associated with heart disease. Having more than one risk factor can significantly increase the chances of individuals of developing heart issues and conditions later on in life. 

  • Genetics
    • Family history and genetic predispositions play a significant role in heart disease risk. If your close relatives have had heart disease, you may be at higher risk.
  • Lifestyle factors
    • Diet: Poor nutrition and a diet high in saturated fats, trans fats, and cholesterol, is know to increase heart disease risk.
    • Physical activity: Lack of exercise contributes to obesity, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol.
    • Smoking: Smoking damages blood vessels and increases the risk of heart disease.
    • Alcohol consumption: Excessive alcohol consumption can lead to high blood pressure, heart failure, and other cardiovascular issues.
  • Medical conditions
    • Hypertension: High blood pressure makes the heart work harder, increasing the risk of heart disease.
    • Diabetes [4]: High blood sugar levels may damage blood vessels and nerves controlling the heart.
    • High cholesterol: Elevated cholesterol levels contribute to plaque buildup in arteries.
    • Obesity: Excess weight increases the risk of heart disease through various mechanisms, including hypertension and diabetes.

Types of Heart Screenings

There are several types of heart screenings, depending on the individual. In general, these are the common tests that doctors and specialists use to assess heart health. 

Blood Investigations: 

  • Lipid Profile: This test measures levels of total cholesterol, LDL (bad cholesterol), HDL (good cholesterol), and triglycerides. Abnormal levels can indicate a higher risk of heart disease.
  • High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP): Measures inflammation in the body, which can be an indicator of heart disease risk.
  • B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP): Used to check elevated levels as it can indicate heart failure.

Imaging Tests

  • Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG): Records the electrical activity of the heart to detect abnormalities in heart rhythm and structure.
  • Stress Test: A stress test measures the heart's response to physical exertion. It is often done using a treadmill (exercise stress test) or medication that simulates exercise (pharmacological stress test).
  • Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE): A non-invasive, painless imaging test that uses ultrasound waves to create detailed images of the heart's structures and function.
  • Chest X-ray: Provides images of the heart, lungs, and blood vessels and is useful for diagnosing conditions like heart failure.
  • Cardiac MRI: Provides detailed images of the heart's structure and function for diagnosing complex heart conditions.

Advanced Screenings

  • Coronary CT Angiography (CTA): This screening uses CT imaging to visualize the coronary arteries and help detect blockages and other abnormalities.
  • Coronary Calcium Score (CAScore): A diagnostic tool used to evaluate the presence and extent of calcified plaque in the coronary arteries.
heart screening
An ECG is a common heart screening that records the electrical activity of the heart to detect abnormalities in heart rhythm and structure.

Preparing for Heart Screening

It may be daunting to undergo a heart screening if you don’t know what to expect. Keep yourself informed on what happens during a heart screening and how you can prepare for one. If you’ve been advised to undergo a particular heart screening, try not to worry as it may save your life in the long run. If you have any concerns or questions about preparing for a heart screening that is not covered in this guide, speak to your doctor. 

Here’s what to expect before, during, and after a heart screening:  

Before a screening: 

  • Fasting: Some tests, particularly blood tests, may require fasting for several hours beforehand. Follow your doctor's instructions.
  • Medication adjustments: Your doctor may advise you to adjust or temporarily stop certain medications before the screening. This is especially important for blood thinners and diabetes medications.

During the screening: 

  • Duration and procedure: The duration of heart screenings can vary. Blood tests typically take a few minutes, while imaging tests like echocardiograms or stress tests can take 30 minutes to an hour.

After the screening: 

  • Recovery: Most heart screenings are non-invasive and require little to no recovery time. However, you may experience some discomfort or bruising at the site of a blood draw or mild soreness from a stress test.
  • Side effects: Side effects are generally minimal but can include mild pain or dizziness. Inform your doctor if you experience any symptoms.

Understanding Heart Screening Results

Screening tests such as blood tests, ECGs, echocardiograms, and stress tests provide detailed information about the heart's condition and function. Normal results typically indicate that your heart is functioning well, with no immediate concerns. However, abnormal results may reveal issues such as high cholesterol, irregular heart rhythms, or structural abnormalities. These findings can be indicators of underlying conditions like coronary artery disease, heart failure, or arrhythmias. 

Interpreting these results accurately requires a discussion with a doctor, who can explain what the numbers and findings mean in the context of your overall health. Based on these results, your doctor may recommend further testing, lifestyle changes, or treatments to address any identified issues and reduce your risk of future cardiovascular problems. Understanding and acting on your heart screening results is a vital step in maintaining a healthy heart and preventing serious complications.

After the screening, your doctor will arrange an appointment to speak with you after the results. While they will be able to give you more details according to your individual medical history and health, here is some useful information about understanding heart screening results. 

When and Why You Should Get a Heart Screening

Not sure if you should get a heart screening, or when to do it? Determining the right time for a heart screening is crucial for early detection and prevention of heart disease. Typically, heart screenings are advised for men over 40 and women over 50, as the risk of cardiovascular diseases increases with age. However, individuals with significant risk factors such as a family history of heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, high cholesterol, obesity, or a history of smoking should consider starting screenings earlier and undergoing them more frequently.

Additionally, anyone experiencing symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath, palpitations, or unexplained fatigue should seek immediate medical evaluation to determine if heart screening is necessary. Regular screenings are essential for those with existing conditions or high-risk profiles to monitor heart health and enable timely interventions. 

How to Maintain Heart Health 

Regular screenings and consultations with doctors ensure early detection and management of any potential issues, helping to maintain overall cardiovascular well-being. Avoiding smoking, limiting alcohol intake and having a work-life balance can all play a role in your heart health. Maintaining heart health typically involves a combination of lifestyle choices and regular medical check-ups. These often include: 

  • Dietary changes: Eating a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats and limiting intake of saturated fats, trans fats, sodium, and added sugars may be recommended to improve or maintain heart health.
  • Exercise and physical activity: Engaging in regular physical activity, such as 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise or 75 minutes of vigorous exercise per week is also beneficial for heart health.
  • Stress management: Practicing stress-reducing techniques such as mindfulness, meditation, yoga, or deep-breathing exercises is also a good way to maintain heart health.
heart health
A healthy diet can greatly improve heart health and prevent serious complications such as stroke later on in life.

How to Choose the Right Doctor for a Heart Screening

Choosing the right doctor for a heart screening is essential for accurate diagnosis and effective management of your heart health. Start by seeking a cardiologist with specialized training and experience in cardiovascular medicine. 

During your initial consultation, assess the doctor’s communication style and willingness to answer your questions thoroughly. Ensure they take the time to understand your medical history and risk factors. Selecting a knowledgeable and approachable doctor will help you feel confident in the screening process and in managing your heart health effectively.

Questions to Ask Your Doctor

  • What specific heart screenings do you recommend for me, and why?
  • How should I prepare for these screenings?
  • What will the screenings involve, and how long will they take?
  • What are the potential risks and benefits of these screenings?
  • How will we use the results to manage my heart health?

At Cadence Heart Centre in Singapore, led by Dr Devinder Singh, we provide quality healthcare services, including prompt appointment scheduling, diagnostic tests and treatment. Contact us today to find out more about our comprehensive heart screening package. 

Conclusion 

Regular heart screenings are crucial for early detection and prevention of heart disease. Understanding the types of screenings, risk factors, and how to interpret results empowers you to take control of your heart health. Plus, maintaining a heart-healthy lifestyle and working with experienced doctors are essential steps in preventing heart disease.

Prioritise your heart health by scheduling regular screenings and adopting a healthy lifestyle. Early detection and proactive management can significantly improve your quality of life and reduce the risk of serious heart conditions.

heart disease
Regular exercise and physical activity is often recommended for those who have heart issues or risk factors for heart disease.

Frequently Asked Questions 

Can heart screening prevent heart disease?

While heart screenings cannot prevent heart disease directly, they can help detect risk factors and early signs of cardiovascular issues, allowing for timely intervention and preventive measures to reduce the risk of heart disease.

How often should I get a heart screening?

The frequency of heart screenings depends on your age, risk factors, and health. Generally, screenings are recommended every few years, but those with higher risk factors may need more frequent screenings.

What happens if my screening results are abnormal?

Abnormal results may indicate the presence of heart disease or other cardiovascular issues. Your doctor will recommend further tests or treatments, which may include lifestyle changes, medication, or additional diagnostic procedures.

 Are there any risks associated with heart screening?

Heart screenings are generally safe with minimal risk. However, some tests may involve temporary discomfort. Discuss any concerns with your doctor beforehand.

Resources 

  1. Singapore Heart Foundation. Heart disease statistics. Retrieved July 24, 2024. https://www.myheart.org.sg/health/heart-disease-statistics/#:~:text=In%20Singapore%2C%2023%20people%20die,to%20heart%20diseases%20or%20stroke
  2. World Health Organization. (September 9, 2021). Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Retrieved July 25, 2024. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds)?gad_source=1&gclid=Cj0KCQjw-5y1BhC-ARIsAAM_oKlWiz4RoXYbIuNaaJXApw1gyjUqHK6a3iirZUgJqYIQX6MoGGLh7qsaAluWEALw_wcB
  3. Healthline. (2023, May 10). Valve disorders: Types, symptoms, and treatment. Retrieved July 25, 2024, from https://www.healthline.com/health/heart/valve-disorders
  4. Johns Hopkins Medicine.Diabetes and heart disease. Retrieved July 25 2024. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/diabetes/diabetes-and-heart-disease

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Dr Devinder Singh

Dr Devinder Singh

Senior Consultant Cardiologist &
Cardiac Electrophysiologist

Dr Devinder Singh is the Medical Director of Cadence Heart Centre. He is an experienced Senior Consultant Cardiologist & Cardiac Electrophysiologist with over 20 years of clinical experience.

His expertise lies in clinical cardiology, cardiac rhythm disorders (arrhythmia), cardiac pacing (including cardiac resynchronisation therapy) and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. He performs electrophysiology studies and radiofrequency ablation of cardiac arrhythmias, and is well versed in pacemaker and defibrillator insertions.

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